N ew York Knicks guard Evan Fournier was held to two points again in France’s tough 87-77 victory against Cote d’Ivoire over the weekend to finish 17th in the 2023 FIBA World Cup. It was his ... Apr 23, 2020 · Fournier gangrene is an acute necrotic infection of the scrotum; penis; or perineum. It is characterized by scrotum pain and redness with rapid progression to gangrene and sloughing of tissue. Fournier gangrene is usually secondary to perirectal or periurethral infections associated with local trauma, operative procedures, or urinary tract disease. Jul 26, 2023 · Fournier claimed he would "be shot" if he ever suited up for the Knicks again and it's hard to imagine the team keeping him aboard an $18.8 million cap hit after exiling him from head coach Tom ... Oct 5, 2016 · Fournier gangrene is a polymicrobial, rapidly progressive necrotising fasciitis of the external genitalia, perineum, and perianal region. It is also known as Fournier disease and necrotising fasciitis of the perineum and genitalia. Fournier gangrene may be subcategorised by the site of infection: Fournier gangrene of the vulva or perineum. Apr 23, 2020 · Fournier gangrene is an acute necrotic infection of the scrotum; penis; or perineum. It is characterized by scrotum pain and redness with rapid progression to gangrene and sloughing of tissue. Fournier gangrene is usually secondary to perirectal or periurethral infections associated with local trauma, operative procedures, or urinary tract disease. Fournier gangrene is a type of necrotizing fasciitis or gangrene affecting the external genitalia or perineum. It commonly occurs in older men, but it can also occur in women and children. It is more likely to occur in people with diabetes or alcoholism or those who are immunocompromised.Le Groupe. Identité; Raison d'être; Savoir-faire; Valeurs; Engagements RSE; Gouvernance; Les Marques. Delpha; hygena; Mobalpa; Perene; SoCoo'c; Les Talents. Nos ... Requiring surgery as wound is becoming necrotic and antibiotic resistant. Stingray whip injury resulting in infection and tissue necrosis. Requiring surgical removal of an imbedded stingray barb and debridement. The infection would also require strong broad-spectrum antibiotics. fournier gangrene stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images Fournier gangrene is a type of necrotizing fasciitis or gangrene affecting the external genitalia or perineum. It commonly occurs in older men, but it can also occur in women and children. It is more likely to occur in people with diabetes or alcoholism or those who are immunocompromised. Feb 1, 2021 · Authorities said Fournier was breaking up a fight. The 33-year-old Fournier, a St. Cloud, Florida, resident, is being investigated by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement, according to the ... Fournier gangrene is a type of necrotizing fasciitis or gangrene affecting the external genitalia or perineum. It commonly occurs in older men, but it can also occur in women and children. It is more likely to occur in people with diabetes or alcoholism or those who are immunocompromised.The Fournier Rotary Press ™ is the perfect fit for conventional sludges from municipal wastewater treatment plants as well as for septage, pulp & paper, breweries and many others. Previously, dewatering was perceived as a tedious and cumbersome process, but with the advent of the Fournier Rotary Press ™, this process has become SIMPLE, NEAT ... About Us - Fournier & Fournier offers a variety of funeral services, from traditional funerals to competitively priced cremations, serving Woonsocket, RI, Woonsocket, RI and the surrounding communities. We also offer funeral pre-planning and carry a wide selection of caskets, vaults, urns and burial containers. Jan 24, 2022 · Fournier’s gangrene is a form of necrotising fasciitis that affects the perineum. Whilst rare, it is a urological emergency with a mortality rate of 20-40%*. Necrotising fasciitis is a group of rapidly spreading necrosis of subcutaneous tissue and fascia, the term also encompassing Fournier’s gangrene. Fournier's types were among the earliest of the transitional" style of typeface and were a stepping stone to the more severe "modern" style made popular by Bodoni later in the century. They had more vertical emphasis than the old style types, greater contrast between thick and thin strokes and little or no bracketing on the serifs. Mar 3, 2023 · Fournier gangrene is necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum. It is a true urological emergency due to the high mortality rate but fortunately, the condition is rare. It is primarily a clinical diagnosis and definitive treatment, typically consisting of surgical debridement and antibiotics. Imaging can aid in defining the extent of disease but ... Fournier's types were among the earliest of the transitional" style of typeface and were a stepping stone to the more severe "modern" style made popular by Bodoni later in the century. They had more vertical emphasis than the old style types, greater contrast between thick and thin strokes and little or no bracketing on the serifs. Jul 22, 2023 · Knicks guard hopes to 'connect on the court' with Spurs' Victor Wembanyama. Evan Fournier had positive things to say about the possibility of playing for the Spurs in an article that was published ... Fournier was born on 29 October 1992 in Saint-Maurice, a small suburb outside of Paris. He is of Algerian descent by his mother while his father is French. [3] He became interested in basketball in 2002, thanks to the 2001–02 Sacramento Kings team. Fournier wore the number 10 on his jersey in honor of then-Sacramento King, Mike Bibby. Nov 17, 2022 · Fournier has struggled this season, averaging 6.9 points and shooting only 34.4 percent from the field in 20 minutes per game. With the Knicks woefully defending the perimeter, Fournier’s ... Apr 23, 2020 · Fournier gangrene is an acute necrotic infection of the scrotum; penis; or perineum. It is characterized by scrotum pain and redness with rapid progression to gangrene and sloughing of tissue. Fournier gangrene is usually secondary to perirectal or periurethral infections associated with local trauma, operative procedures, or urinary tract disease. May 11, 2021 · David J. Griffin/GettyStudents for Trump co-founder and pugnacious MAGA Twitter star Ryan Fournier allegedly helped his friend create a fake law firm to bilk innocent clients, only to turn against his one-time partner to help federal law enforcement, according to records and statements made Tuesday by a lawyer involved in the case.The new revelations about Fournier’s alleged involvement in ... The vineyard. Our Sancerre vineyard extends over 39 hectares divided into 165 plots which are scattered over many hills and slopes of the Sancerre appellation. We pride ourselves on having access to some of the most prestigious terroirs of the appellation. We are deeply dedicated to the understanding, identification and promotion of our soils. The opening book of the Detective Jo Fournier novel series written by author M.M. Chouinard is entitled ‘The Dancing Girls’. It was released by the Bookouture publication in 2019. The book opens with the description of Jeanine Hammond’s brutal murder in the peaceful town of Oakhurst, Massachusetts. Her body is found in a hotel. Jan 1, 2021 · By Sasha Margolis Pierre Fournier (1906–86), known as “the aristocrat of cellists,” was among the twentieth century’s most wonderful string artists. A musician of unlimited elegance and bottomless depth, Fournier was famed for a pure and gorgeous sound which, thanks to his crystal-clear tonal concept, he could produce even upon inferior instruments. Fournier’s gangrene is a type of necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) that affects your scrotum, penis or perineum. Males are more likely to get this disease than females. There are ways you can reduce your risk of getting this life-threatening disease, and there are treatments.About Us - Fournier & Fournier offers a variety of funeral services, from traditional funerals to competitively priced cremations, serving Woonsocket, RI, Woonsocket, RI and the surrounding communities. We also offer funeral pre-planning and carry a wide selection of caskets, vaults, urns and burial containers. May 11, 2023 · KSI and Joe Fournier face off in boxing match this Saturday in London, but the entertainment has already started. At a press conference to hype up the Misfits Boxing 7 event, KSI, Fournier and ... Le Groupe. Identité; Raison d'être; Savoir-faire; Valeurs; Engagements RSE; Gouvernance; Les Marques. Delpha; hygena; Mobalpa; Perene; SoCoo'c; Les Talents. Nos ... Feb 1, 2021 · Authorities said Fournier was breaking up a fight. The 33-year-old Fournier, a St. Cloud, Florida, resident, is being investigated by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement, according to the ... May 30, 2023 · Fournier gangrene was first identified in 1883, when the French venereologist Jean Alfred Fournier described a series in which 5 previously healthy young men suffered from a rapidly progressive gangrene of the penis and scrotum without apparent cause. This condition, which came to be known as Fournier gangrene, is defined as a polymicrobial n... Joe Fournier is an English businessman and professional boxer.He started a fitness business, before selling it and then subsequently moved into the nightclub industry.. He had an exhibition fight with David Haye on 11 September 2021 and lost via unanimous decision. Aug 6, 2023 · Fournier is a supportive partner to Sprouse in all of his professional endeavors. In March 2022, Sprouse starred in the HBO romantic comedy Moonshot, and Fournier was right by his side at the ... Aug 25, 2013 · Dr. Fournier's office is located at 2466 E Commercial Blvd, Fort Lauderdale, FL. View the map. May 30, 2023 · Fournier gangrene was first identified in 1883, when the French venereologist Jean Alfred Fournier described a series in which 5 previously healthy young men suffered from a rapidly progressive gangrene of the penis and scrotum without apparent cause. This condition, which came to be known as Fournier gangrene, is defined as a polymicrobial n... Feb 18, 2012 · Fournier's gangrene is a rare and often fulminant necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum and genital region frequently due to a synergistic polymicrobial infection. This truly emergent condition is typically seen in elderly, diabetic, or otherwise immune-compromised individuals. Here, we report an unusual case of Fournier's gangrene due to excessive masturbation in an otherwise healthy ... Kayla Fournier and Joey Fournier of West Tisbury announce the birth of a son, Treyden Walter Fournier, on July 29, 2020, at Martha’s Vineyard Hospital. Treyden weighed 6 pounds, 13 ounces. The Martha's Vineyard Times This condition, which came to be known as Fournier gangrene, is defined as a polymicrobial necrotizing fasciitis of the perineal, perianal, or genital areas (see the image below.) Photomicrograph...Typically, Fournier's gangrene presents with: Intense pain in the genital region, followed by waning pain as the nerve tissue become necrotic. Increased sensitivity in the genital region. Redness and inflammation. Fluid drainage. Soft tissue gas. Graying or blackening skin, a sign of tissue death. Septic shock. Oct 21, 2021 · Fournier's gangrene (FG) is a perineal and abdominal necrotizing infection. It is most commonly found in middle-aged men with comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus. Initial symptoms are often indistinct and can rapidly progress to overwhelming infections with a relatively high mortality rate. It is crucial to make a prompt diagnosis so that ... Richard Armand Fournier. Born 12/28/1961 to Rene Richard and Frances Louise Fournier in Detroit, MI passed away on Tuesday, March 7, 2023. Richard was an avid hunter and fisherman and loved to be ... Cole Sprouse may be moving on from ex-girlfriend and Riverdale costar Lili Reinhart with Ari Fournier. Sprouse and Fournier sparked dating speculation in February 2021 when they stepped out ... Oct 21, 2021 · Fournier's gangrene (FG) is a perineal and abdominal necrotizing infection. It is most commonly found in middle-aged men with comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus. Initial symptoms are often indistinct and can rapidly progress to overwhelming infections with a relatively high mortality rate. It is crucial to make a prompt diagnosis so that ... The 2022-23 NBA season stats per game for Evan Fournier of the New York Knicks on ESPN. Includes full stats, per opponent, for regular and postseason.May 30, 2023 · Fournier gangrene was first identified in 1883, when the French venereologist Jean Alfred Fournier described a series in which 5 previously healthy young men suffered from a rapidly progressive gangrene of the penis and scrotum without apparent cause. This condition, which came to be known as Fournier gangrene, is defined as a polymicrobial n... Sep 1, 2023 · Fournier himself hasn’t played amazingly despite saying he’d use the tournament as a “launch pad” for his career, but remains confident in his ability to help a team, saying, “I know I ... Oct 29, 1992 · Complete career NBA stats for the New York Knicks Shooting Guard Evan Fournier on ESPN. Includes points, rebounds, and assists. Cole Sprouse may be moving on from ex-girlfriend and Riverdale costar Lili Reinhart with Ari Fournier. Sprouse and Fournier sparked dating speculation in February 2021 when they stepped out ... Oct 21, 2021 · Fournier's gangrene (FG) is a perineal and abdominal necrotizing infection. It is most commonly found in middle-aged men with comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus. Initial symptoms are often indistinct and can rapidly progress to overwhelming infections with a relatively high mortality rate. It is crucial to make a prompt diagnosis so that ... View the profile of New York Knicks Shooting Guard Evan Fournier on ESPN. Get the latest news, live stats and game highlights. Jul 20, 2023 · Michael "Mike" Thomas Fournier passed away on July 17, 2023, surrounded by his loving family. Mike was a loving and devoted husband, father, brother, and son. Mike, along with his wife, owned and operated SMA Technologies, a precision spindle repair business in Brighton, for over 24 years. Mike was an inventor and a pioneer in the machine ... Aug 6, 2023 · Fournier is a supportive partner to Sprouse in all of his professional endeavors. In March 2022, Sprouse starred in the HBO romantic comedy Moonshot, and Fournier was right by his side at the ... The Fournier Rotary Press ™ is the perfect fit for conventional sludges from municipal wastewater treatment plants as well as for septage, pulp & paper, breweries and many others. Previously, dewatering was perceived as a tedious and cumbersome process, but with the advent of the Fournier Rotary Press ™, this process has become SIMPLE, NEAT ... May 11, 2023 · KSI and Joe Fournier face off in boxing match this Saturday in London, but the entertainment has already started. At a press conference to hype up the Misfits Boxing 7 event, KSI, Fournier and ... Fournier's types were among the earliest of the transitional" style of typeface and were a stepping stone to the more severe "modern" style made popular by Bodoni later in the century. They had more vertical emphasis than the old style types, greater contrast between thick and thin strokes and little or no bracketing on the serifs. Aug 6, 2023 · Fournier is a supportive partner to Sprouse in all of his professional endeavors. In March 2022, Sprouse starred in the HBO romantic comedy Moonshot, and Fournier was right by his side at the ... May 30, 2023 · Fournier gangrene was first identified in 1883, when the French venereologist Jean Alfred Fournier described a series in which 5 previously healthy young men suffered from a rapidly progressive gangrene of the penis and scrotum without apparent cause. This condition, which came to be known as Fournier gangrene, is defined as a polymicrobial n... View the profile of New York Knicks Shooting Guard Evan Fournier on ESPN. Get the latest news, live stats and game highlights. Die Fournier-Gangrän (FG) ist eine sporadische, lebensbedrohliche, nekrotisierende Infektion des Perineums, der Perinealregion und des äußeren Genitales [1–3]. Da die Inzidenz der Erkrankung sehr niedrig ist, ist auch die Datenlage äußert limitiert und stammt mehrheitlich aus kleinen retrospektiven Fallserien [ 1 , 4 – 16 ]. Fournier gangrene is a type of necrotizing fasciitis or gangrene affecting the external genitalia or perineum. It commonly occurs in older men, but it can also occur in women and children. It is more likely to occur in people with diabetes or alcoholism or those who are immunocompromised.Oct 29, 2020 · Evan Fournier: Added to injury report. Fournier is questionable for Wednesday's Game 5 against the Heat due to an illness, Ira Winderman of the South Florida Sun Sentinel reports. 02/25/2023, 1:35 PM. Avis de décès FOURNIER. Accédez gratuitement sur cette page au carnet des décès des FOURNIER. Vous pouvez affiner votre recherche ou trouver un avis de décès ou un avis d'obsèques plus ancien en tapant le nom d'un défunt et/ou le nom ou le code postal d'une commune dans le moteur de recherche ci-dessous. NOUVEAU : publiez un avis de ... Oct 29, 2020 · Evan Fournier: Added to injury report. Fournier is questionable for Wednesday's Game 5 against the Heat due to an illness, Ira Winderman of the South Florida Sun Sentinel reports. 02/25/2023, 1:35 PM. Michel Paul Fourniret (4 April 1942 – 10 May 2021) was a French serial killer who confessed to killing 12 people in France and Belgium between 1987 and 2003. After he was arrested in June 2003 for the attempted kidnapping of a teenage girl in Ciney, Fourniret confessed to killing nine people — eight females and one male — in 2004, having been informed on by his then-wife, Monique ... Apr 23, 2020 · Fournier gangrene is an acute necrotic infection of the scrotum; penis; or perineum. It is characterized by scrotum pain and redness with rapid progression to gangrene and sloughing of tissue. Fournier gangrene is usually secondary to perirectal or periurethral infections associated with local trauma, operative procedures, or urinary tract disease. Oct 1, 2005 · Fournier's gangrene (FG) is a fulminant form of infective necrotising fascitis of the perineal, genital, or perianal regions, which commonly affects men, but can also occur in women and children. 1 Even though this clinical entity is eponymously credited to the Parisian venerologist Jean‐Alfred Fournier, who described it as a fulminant gangrene of the penis and scrotum in young men, 2 ... Feb 18, 2012 · Fournier's gangrene is a rare and often fulminant necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum and genital region frequently due to a synergistic polymicrobial infection. This truly emergent condition is typically seen in elderly, diabetic, or otherwise immune-compromised individuals. Here, we report an unusual case of Fournier's gangrene due to excessive masturbation in an otherwise healthy ... Oct 1, 2005 · Fournier's gangrene (FG) is a fulminant form of infective necrotising fascitis of the perineal, genital, or perianal regions, which commonly affects men, but can also occur in women and children. 1 Even though this clinical entity is eponymously credited to the Parisian venerologist Jean‐Alfred Fournier, who described it as a fulminant gangrene of the penis and scrotum in young men, 2 ... Feb 1, 2021 · Authorities said Fournier was breaking up a fight. The 33-year-old Fournier, a St. Cloud, Florida, resident, is being investigated by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement, according to the ... Oct 29, 1992 · Complete career NBA stats for the New York Knicks Shooting Guard Evan Fournier on ESPN. Includes points, rebounds, and assists. Aug 6, 2023 · Fournier is a supportive partner to Sprouse in all of his professional endeavors. In March 2022, Sprouse starred in the HBO romantic comedy Moonshot, and Fournier was right by his side at the ... Mar 1, 2008 · Fournier gangrene is a rapidly progressing necrotizing fasciitis involving the perineal, perianal, or genital regions and constitutes a true surgical emergency with a potentially high mortality rate. Although the diagnosis of Fournier gangrene is often made clinically, emergency computed tomography (CT) can lead to early diagnosis with accurate ... Email Fournier Auto and Truck Sales about 2023 Ford F-250 Super Duty Lariat. 2019 Ford F-550 Super Duty . 4X4 2dr Regular Cab 145.3-205.3 in. WB . Price . $78,500 . View the profile of New York Knicks Shooting Guard Evan Fournier on ESPN. Get the latest news, live stats and game highlights. Entenda o que é a Gangrena de Fournier, sua etiologia, diagnóstico e como tratar o seu paciente com o quadro. Bons estudos! A Gangrena de Fournier, também conhecida como Síndrome de Fournier, é uma doença infecciosa. A sua gravidade pode ser determinante para um desfecho ruim do paciente, uma vez que, quando não tratada precocemente ... Evan Fournier was born in Saint-Maurice, France. When was Evan Fournier born? Evan Fournier was born on October 29, 1992. How tall is Evan Fournier? Evan Fournier is 6-7 (201 cm) tall. How much does Evan Fournier weigh? Evan Fournier weighs 205 lbs (92 kg). Is Evan Fournier in the Hall of Fame? Evan Fournier is not in the Hall of Fame. Fournier's types were among the earliest of the transitional" style of typeface and were a stepping stone to the more severe "modern" style made popular by Bodoni later in the century. They had more vertical emphasis than the old style types, greater contrast between thick and thin strokes and little or no bracketing on the serifs. Michel Paul Fourniret (4 April 1942 – 10 May 2021) was a French serial killer who confessed to killing 12 people in France and Belgium between 1987 and 2003. After he was arrested in June 2003 for the attempted kidnapping of a teenage girl in Ciney, Fourniret confessed to killing nine people — eight females and one male — in 2004, having been informed on by his then-wife, Monique ...
Mar 1, 2008 · Fournier gangrene is a rapidly progressing necrotizing fasciitis involving the perineal, perianal, or genital regions and constitutes a true surgical emergency with a potentially high mortality rate. Although the diagnosis of Fournier gangrene is often made clinically, emergency computed tomography (CT) can lead to early diagnosis with accurate ... . Gilson
May 19, 2023 · The Professional Boxing Association announced Friday that KSI’s knockout victory over Joe Fournier in an exhibition bout this past Saturday at Misfits Boxing 7 has been overturned due to the ... Jan 24, 2022 · Fournier’s gangrene is a form of necrotising fasciitis that affects the perineum. Whilst rare, it is a urological emergency with a mortality rate of 20-40%*. Necrotising fasciitis is a group of rapidly spreading necrosis of subcutaneous tissue and fascia, the term also encompassing Fournier’s gangrene. Bệnh Fournier cực kì nguy hiểm với tỷ lệ tử vong cao – lên đến 30%. 1. Thế nào là bệnh Fournier? Hội chứng Fournier là một loại nhiễm trùng ở bộ phận sinh dục, gây hoại tử vị trí này và khu vực xung quanh: các mô tế bào ở vùng này sẽ hấp hối hoặc chết đi do nhiễm ... Michel Paul Fourniret (4 April 1942 – 10 May 2021) was a French serial killer who confessed to killing 12 people in France and Belgium between 1987 and 2003. After he was arrested in June 2003 for the attempted kidnapping of a teenage girl in Ciney, Fourniret confessed to killing nine people — eight females and one male — in 2004, having been informed on by his then-wife, Monique ... Complete career NBA stats for the New York Knicks Shooting Guard Evan Fournier on ESPN. Includes points, rebounds, and assists.Jun 21, 2017 · Fournier’s gangrene is a rapidly progressing, tissue-destroying infection on the genitals and nearby areas. It’s a medical emergency that can be fatal without immediate treatment. Greg Fournier is an expert in molecular phylogenetics and microbial evolution. His research investigates the geobiological context for the complex evolutionary histories of genes involved in “horizontal gene transfer” or HGT, the early evolution of microbial systems and metabolisms, and how these processes have shaped the biogeochemistry and habitability of the planet. The opening book of the Detective Jo Fournier novel series written by author M.M. Chouinard is entitled ‘The Dancing Girls’. It was released by the Bookouture publication in 2019. The book opens with the description of Jeanine Hammond’s brutal murder in the peaceful town of Oakhurst, Massachusetts. Her body is found in a hotel. The vineyard. Our Sancerre vineyard extends over 39 hectares divided into 165 plots which are scattered over many hills and slopes of the Sancerre appellation. We pride ourselves on having access to some of the most prestigious terroirs of the appellation. We are deeply dedicated to the understanding, identification and promotion of our soils. Evan Fournier was born in Saint-Maurice, France. When was Evan Fournier born? Evan Fournier was born on October 29, 1992. How tall is Evan Fournier? Evan Fournier is 6-7 (201 cm) tall. How much does Evan Fournier weigh? Evan Fournier weighs 205 lbs (92 kg). Is Evan Fournier in the Hall of Fame? Evan Fournier is not in the Hall of Fame. Greg Fournier is an expert in molecular phylogenetics and microbial evolution. His research investigates the geobiological context for the complex evolutionary histories of genes involved in “horizontal gene transfer” or HGT, the early evolution of microbial systems and metabolisms, and how these processes have shaped the biogeochemistry and habitability of the planet. Fournier was born on 29 October 1992 in Saint-Maurice, a small suburb outside of Paris. He is of Algerian descent by his mother while his father is French. [3] He became interested in basketball in 2002, thanks to the 2001–02 Sacramento Kings team. Fournier wore the number 10 on his jersey in honor of then-Sacramento King, Mike Bibby. Email Fournier Auto and Truck Sales about 2023 Ford F-250 Super Duty Lariat. 2019 Ford F-550 Super Duty . 4X4 2dr Regular Cab 145.3-205.3 in. WB . Price . $78,500 . Jan 24, 2022 · Fournier’s gangrene is a form of necrotising fasciitis that affects the perineum. Whilst rare, it is a urological emergency with a mortality rate of 20-40%*. Necrotising fasciitis is a group of rapidly spreading necrosis of subcutaneous tissue and fascia, the term also encompassing Fournier’s gangrene. To all our customers and partners, Fournier has been recognised as an essential services company, which allows us to maintain reduces manufacturing operations for our customers in priority sectors. In addition, Fournier remains an active team in telework to respond to your requests for quotes and receipt of your requests. Die Fournier-Gangrän (FG) ist eine sporadische, lebensbedrohliche, nekrotisierende Infektion des Perineums, der Perinealregion und des äußeren Genitales [1–3]. Da die Inzidenz der Erkrankung sehr niedrig ist, ist auch die Datenlage äußert limitiert und stammt mehrheitlich aus kleinen retrospektiven Fallserien [ 1 , 4 – 16 ]. .